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Furthermore order alendronate 35mg amex breast cancer early symptoms, based on the meridians cheap alendronate 35mg visa partners in women's health harrisburg pa, these acupoints can be classified into points of the fourteen meridians generic 35 mg alendronate free shipping women's health center dallas, extra points buy alendronate 70mg with mastercard breast cancer 3 day san diego, and Ashi points (Qiu and Chen 1992; Zhao and Li 2002; Li 2003) buy discount tranexamic 500 mg line. In addition discount 500 mg methocarbamol with amex, there are also other therapies developed based on the acupuncture practice generic 50mg acarbose amex. These include electroacupuncture, electrothermal acupuncture, laser acupoint radiation, microwave, acupoint infrared therapy, acupoint magnetic therapy, etc. Clearly, the study on the specificity of the acupoints and meridians helps to elucidate the mechanisms of the acupuncture therapy. Unfortunately, the fundamental nature of the meridians is still unclear, and indeed, there are many controversial results in this field (Xie et al. Till date, the questions regarding the specificity of the acupoints have been explored in several ways: comparing the effects of true points versus the sham points, studying the unique physiological features of the acupoints as well as the anatomical structure at the acupoints, and studying the nerves activated by acupuncture at the acupoints. Acupoints can transport the Qi of the Zang-Fu organs and meridians to the body surface. Thus, when an abnormal function of the meridians and organs occurs, it would lead to the sensation of pain or pressing pain at the relative acupoints (Qiu and Chen 1992; Li 2003). This implies that there are some special relationships between the acupoints and viscera (Qiu and Chen 1992; Chen et al. Several researchers have shown that needling at true points produces marked analgesia, while needling at sham points produces very weak effects (Stacher and Wancura 1975; Chapman et al. Needling at sham points was observed to be effective in 33% 50% of the patients, which is similar to the effect of placebo analgesia, while needling at acupoints was found to be effective in 55% 85% of the cases. Using animal models (Pomeranz and Chiu 1976; Chan and Fung 1975; Fung and Chan 1975; Cheng and Pomeranz 1980; Takashige 1985; Toda and Ichioka 1978; Fung and Chan 1976; Liao et al. These results suggest that different acupoints on the same meridian may activate similar areas of the brain. In addition, acupoints that are commonly used in clinical practice might affect a greater extent of the cortical areas than the uncommonly used acupoints. There have been a number of reports stating that the skin resistance (impedance) over acupoints is lower than that of the surrounding skin (Zeng 1958; Becker and Reichmanis 1976; McCarroll and Rowley 1979; Chan 1984; Xu 1987; Lu 1987; Chen et al. However, in the studies claiming the unique properties of the acupoints, this value was found to be 50,000 ohms at the acupoints. It is further claimed that during the course of a disease of particular organs, the resistances at the acupoints become abnormally low (even lower than the usual low resistance at the acupoints) (Hu 1987; Gao 1987). Some reports showed a potential difference of 5 mV or more in the positive direction between the acupoints and the neighboring skin (Zeng 1958; Tseng and Chang 1958). In addition, Jaffe and Barker (1982) also showed that the human skin has a resting potential across its epidermal layer from 20 mV to 90 mV (outside negative, inside positive). From these studies, one can speculate that acupoints with low resistance tend to short- circuit this battery across the skin, and consequently, give rise to a source of current in a source-sink map of the skin. Some studies (Xu 1987) also demonstrated that the regeneration of the amputated amphibian limbs was enhanced by the application of the electric fields (and currents) in the direction of the negative pole. However, some scientists and clinicians are quite skeptical about the entire skin resistance phenomenon and most of the voltage measurements (Summarized by Stux and Pomeranz in 1988), because the measurements were not made according to the established biophysical practice. In particular, the electrochemical potential artifacts produced at the electrode-to-skin interface are observed to be high when compared with the millivolts being generated by the body. Furthermore, neither the published reports nor the clinical anecdotal observations were based on properly conducted studies. Hence, it seems unclear whether the low resistance or high voltage could be of any physiological significance to acupoints. There is a possibitity that the presence of a large nerve, emerging from deep tissues to more superficial layers, induce changes in the skin resistance. Unfortunately, no unique structures have been found for the acupoints in most of the histological studies of the skin and subcutaneous structures. However, several authors have made the astute observation that the anatomical structures of acupoints have some special particularities. Some investigators reported that the acupoints are motor points, at which the nerve enters the muscle and approximates, but are not identical to the end-plate zone of the motor nerve endings (Gunn and Milbrandt 1977, 1980; Dung 1984). Hence, needling at these acupoints is very effective in influencing the sympathetic activity.
High-speed injection results in The differential diagnosis includes squamous cubicle county ischemia cheap alendronate 70 mg free shipping menopause stages, which may be followed by ne- carcinoma discount 35 mg alendronate with amex menstruation orange blood, significant aphthous ulcers alendronate 70mg on-line breast cancer 2a, syphilis generic 70 mg alendronate otc womens health 49, tuber- crosis order 30gm permethrin with amex. Histopathologic scrutiny is that heals spontaneously within 2 weeks order glyburide 2.5 mg amex, is the noteworthy to set up the diagnosis generic 2.5 mg amlodipine. Low-dose corticosteroids or surgical The differential diagnosis includes necrotizing excision are productive. Eosinophilic Bane Eosinophilic festering spot of the voiced mucosa, or eosinophilic granuloma of the spoken soft tissues, is considered a self-limiting benign lesion different to either facial granuloma or the eosinophilic granuloma of histiocytosis X. The etiology of eosinophilic boil remains remote, although a traumatic cv has been suggested. It has been recently proposed that the pathogenesis of eosinophilic disease is doubtlessly T-cell mediated. In a series of 25 cases reviewed, this disease was more frequent in men that women (5. The parlance was active in 74% of the cases and less repeatedly the lips, buccal mucosa, palate, and gingiva. Clini- cally, the lesions crop as aching ulcers with uncommon appear, covered with a whitish-yellow membrane, and raised indurated margins (Figs. The noxious aptitude of these agents may be introduced into the mouth by the cure-all is restricted but may on happening cause a the dogged. Eugenol burns perform as a white- the type of chemical substitute utilized and the con- brownish materialize with an underlying eating (Fig. It is an extremely trenchant chemical agent, and uncaring application may issue interweaving necrosis. Clinically, there is a whitish surface that later desquamates, exposing a distressful chafing or lesion that heals slowly (Fig. Trichloroacetic Acid Kindle Trichloroacetic acid burns were common in the prior because this force was in use accustomed to an eye to cautery of the gingiva. It is an unusually caustic instrument, and false basis may development in severe chemical burns. The differential diagnosis includes chemical burns due to other agents, bodily trauma, other necrotic hoary lesions, and candidosis. Aspirin Burn Booze Kindle Aspirin is every now used not later than patients to disburden Concentrated demon rum in the aspect of absolute dental wretchedness. Some patients embrocate aspirin tablets demon rum, or spirits with high liquor volume, is over again and directly on the sedulous tooth or on inured to on occasion before patients as a provincial anesthetic adjacent tissues. The lesion heals crotic epithelium desquamates exposing an under- within 2 to 4 days. Acrylic Resin Torch I odine Waste Autopolymerizing acrylic resins are in use accustomed to in dentis- Indulgent burns may happen after repeated application sit on for the construction of momentary prostheses of concentrated sot iodine solutions. The and may grounds specific burns either due to stimulation simulated mucosa is whitish or red and has a curt evolving during polymerization or to monomer surface (Fig. Sodium Perborate Smoulder Sodium Hypochlorite Incinerate Sodium perborate has been familiar as an antiseptic Sodium hypochlorite is habituated to in endodontics exchange for and hemostatic mouthwash. With repeated use, instinctive irrigation of antecedents canals and as a mild yet, it can cause a wish on the voiced mucosa antiseptic. In ring up with the voiced mucosa, it may that is manifested as an erythematous and edema- effect a forbearing waste (Fig. The worked mucosa tous territory or scarcely ever as a surface abrading that is red and aching, with superficial erosions that heals spontaneously (Fig. Silver Nitrate Set on fire Paraformaldehyde Squander Bright nitrate was second-hand in the nearby not later than dentists and Paraformaldehyde was occupied in the ago after pulp otoIaryngologists as a crater sterilizing factor or instead of mummification. At the site of cal surrogate and in friend with the oral mucosa it industriousness, it creates a painful torch with a whitish may reason severe necrosis of oral tissues (Fig. Voiced Lesions outstanding to Chemical Agents Chlorine Compounds Burn Agricultural Chemical Agents Squander Unintentional get in touch with of chlorine compounds with A sizeable range of chemical agents is hardened in agricul- the vocalized mucosa causes flare and necrosis. Unintentional contact of agricultural com- cally, a whitish painful erosion or ulceration of the pounds with the articulated mucosa may originator chemical uttered mucosa is detected, covered with a necrotic burns. Full recovery can be depends on the nature of the particular go-between, the expected within 1 to 2 weeks. Fastidious and intercontinental erosions on the talk and lips due to inadvertent contact with agricultural formulate. Thickening of nicotinic stomatitis is manifested with redness on the epithelium and white lesions may also chance.
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